Binaries

Show the real path

which binary

Display Binary data

cat example | hexdump -C

Understanding ltrace Outputs

The quickest way to get a feel for what a binary is doing is to run it with ltrace, which will print all the library calls it’s making:

ltrace <BINARY> id

UID Checks and Privilege Escalation

• The setuid(0) function call attempts to set the UID to root. If it succeeds returns 0.

• A failure (-1) may indicate the program requires elevated permissions to execute certain operations.

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Whitelists/Blacklists

• strncmp or strcmp calls are used to compare input against predefined strings. A return value of -1 indicates a mismatch.

• strcspn calls are used to check for forbidden characters (e.g., |, &, >, which could be part of command injection attempts).

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File Operations and File Descriptors

• Look for files related to user credentials, configuration, or logs.

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External Command Execution

• Calls to system(), execvp(), or similar functions: These often indicate the program is executing shell commands.

• Input passed to these commands: If user input directly influences these calls, it might indicate an injection vulnerability.

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Signals and Inter-Process Communication

• Signals like SIGCHLD, SIGSEGV, or SIGKILL in the output.

• Use of kill() to manage or terminate processes, which can indicate how the program interacts with other processes.